Progress in Material Development for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Review

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been considered as promising candidates to tackle the need for sustainable and efficient energy conversion devices. However, current operating temperature of SOFCs poses critical challenges relating costs fabrication materials selection. To overcome these issues, many attempts made by SOFC research manufacturing communities lowering intermediate ranges (600–800 °C) even lower temperatures (below 600 °C). Despite interesting success technical advantages obtained with low-temperature SOFC, on other hand, cell operation at low could noticeably increase electrolyte ohmic loss polarization losses electrode that cause a decrease in overall performance efficiency. In addition, ionic conductivity exponentially decreases based Arrhenius conduction equation semiconductors. address challenges, variety methods developed past few years which are subject this review. Therefore, paper focuses recent advances development new materials, especially electrolytes electrodes improved electrochemical properties, well summarizing matching collectors sealants region. Different strategies improving efficiency, impact variables SOFCs, available choice stack designs, costing factors, operational limits, prospects, briefly summarized work.